Wearing a light brown jumpsuit, the clean-shaven Loughner spoke evenly and calmly before the judge, often looking far into the distance with an unblinking stare. Loughner was charged with the murder of two federal employees -- U.S. District Court Judge John Roll and Gabriel Zimmerman, a congressional staffer -- and the attempted murder of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords and two of her staffers, Pamela Simon and Ron Barber. / Los Angeles Times
Wikipedia teaches us:
Judge (United States)
"An American judge talking to a lawyer. In many states throughout the United States, a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" or "Judge" when presiding over the court. "Judge" may be more commonly used by attorneys and staff, while either may be common with the plaintiff or defendant. Notably, the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, the largest unified trial court in the United States, has a rule that the judge shall be addressed only as "Your Honor", and never as "Judge", "Judge (name)", "ma'am", or "sir".
The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judges of the supreme courts of several U.S. states and other countries are called "justices" or "judges of the peace".
The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than the justice of the peace, a judge who holds police court in some jurisdictions and who typically tries small claims and misdemeanors. However, the state of New York inverts the usual order, with the Supreme Court of the State of New York being the lowest trial court of general jurisdiction, and the Court of Appeals being the highest court. This is a historical artifact from when the superior trial court in common law jurisdictions was called the "supreme court" (which still exists in some jurisdictions, such as Australia).
Consequently, New York trial judges are called "justices", while the judges on the Court of Appeals are "judges". New York judges who deal with guardianships, trusts and estates are uniquely known as "surrogates".
A senior judge, in U.S. practice, is a retired judge who handles selected cases for a governmental entity while in retirement, on a part-time basis.
Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in U.S. legal practice are sometimes called magistrates, although in the federal court of the United States, they are called magistrate judges. Subordinate judges in U.S. legal practice appointed on a case-by-case basis, particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed and tedious evidence must be reviewed, are often called "masters" or "special masters" and have authority in a particular case often determined on a case by case basis.
Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such as bankruptcy courts or juvenile courts) were sometimes known officially as "referees," but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in courts of equity in common law systems (such as judges in the equity courts of Delaware) are called "Chancellors".
Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often called "administrative law judges" in U.S. practice. They were previously known as hearing examiners. They commonly make initial determinations regarding matters such as workers' compensation, eligibility for government benefits, regulatory matters, and immigration determinations.
Judges who derive their authority from a contractual agreement of the parties to a dispute, rather than a governmental body are called arbitrators. They typically do not receive the honorific forms of address nor do they bear the symbolic trappings of a publicly appointed judge. However, it is now common for many retired judges to serve as arbitrators, and they will often write their names as if they were still judges, with the parenthetical "(Ret.)" for Retired. "
Etymologi
Judge
Early 13c. (century), "to form an opinion about," from Anglo-Fr. juger, from O.Fr. jugier "to judge," from L. judicare "to judge," from judicem (nom. judex) "to judge," a compound of jus "right, law" + root of dicere "to say". Related: Judged; judging. The O.E. word was deman . Meaning "to try and pronounce sentence upon in a court" is from late 13c.
The noun is from c.1300. In Hebrew history, it refers to a war leader vested with temporary power (e.g. Book of Judges), from L. judex being used to translate Heb. shophet.
Magistrate
Late 14c., "civil officer in charge of administering laws," from O.Fr. magistrat, from L. magistratus "a magistrate," originally "magisterial rank or office," from magistrare "serve as a magistrate," from magister "chief, director"
Explanations in Swedish:
Domare
Judge är den allmänna termen i rättsväsendet men förekommer även i överförd bemärkelse:
She's a good judge of character. 'Hon är en god människokännare.''
Det finns ingen egentlig domarkarriär i engelsk och amerikansk rättsdordning. Domarna utses (eller völjs i vissa amerikanska delstater [Arizona?] ) bland erfarna och meriterade jurister.
* Vid underrätt motsvaras 'domare' även av magistrate, vid högre rätt av justice.
* Justice betyder även 'rättvisa'.
* En lekmannadomare i lägsta instans kallas Justice of the Peace (JP). De dömer i mindre mål.
* Arbitrator betyder 'skiljedomare, förlikningsman [förlikningsperson], medlare'. Arbitration är 'skiljedom, medling'.
* I tennis, badminton, baseboll och cricket heter domaren umpire. Domaren i fotboll heter som bekant (!) referee.
Advokat (USA)
En advokat kallasa lawyer, attorney eller attorney-at-law. Amerikanska handböcker rekommenderar lawyer, eftersom attorney egentligen betyder 'ombud' och inte behöver innebära att personen i fråga har juridis kompetens. En annan term är litigator för advokater som specialiserar sig på processmål.
Counselor är en term för 'advokat' som används i USA och Irland, främst i tilltal.
Den som biträder part vid rättegång kallas i USA antingen counsel eller attorney.
Attorney general betyder i USA 'justitieminister'. I varje delstat i USA finns det en Attorney General som ingår i guvenörens stab. The Attorney General of Arizona är Tom Horne. Bilden - han ser snäll ut trots att han nog har mycket att göra, vilket t.ex. en gräns mot Mexico innebär.
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| Tom Horne |
